


                                          
                                          
                                          
                                          
                        RATS Open Systems Environment (ROSE)
                                          
                                          
                                          
                                          
                                          
                                          
                                          
                                          
                                          
                                          
                                          
                                          
                                          
                                          
                                          
                    The Radio Amateur Telecommunications Society
                                          
                              206 North Vivyen Street
                                          
                           Bergenfield, New Jersey  07621
                                          
                              United States of America
                                          
                                  01-201-387-8896
            


            
                                 Table of Contents
                                          
                                          
            
            Forward - RATS Open System Environment                     i
            Introduction to the ROSE X.25 Packet Switch                1
            System Overview and Features                               1
            What ROSE Provides                                         3
            Disconnecting from a Station                               3
            Information Bulletin                                       3
            Local Digipeating                                          4
            Networking with ROSE                                       4
            Local switching                                            4
            Call Progress Messages                                     5
            BBS Forwarding                                             5
            Multi-switch networking                                    5
            Entry and Exit Digipeaters                                 5
            Monitoring Transmissions                                   6
            How to determine where a connection originated             7
            ROSE X.25 Packet Switch Messages                           7
            Tips and Tricks                                            8
            Appendix A - Disconnect and Reset Codes Used               1
            Appendix B - CCITT Data Country Codes                      1
            RATS Membership Application                                1


          Forward - RATS Open System Environment
          
               The  Radio  Amateur  Telecommunications  Society  (RATS)  is
          dedicated to  the improvement  of communications  systems in  the
          Amateur Radio  Service.    This  objective  has  been  guided  by
          individuals who are willing to develop software, operate, and use
          systems which  push the  current state  of the  art.   Our packet
          switch, the  ROSE X.25  Packet Switch, and communications server,
          ROSErver/PRMBS, have from their inception been ambitious projects
          providing  increased  functionality  to  the  users  and  network
          management.     These   systems   were   developed   to   support
          communications using  conventional packet  radio equipment.   Any
          AX.25 TNC  user can  access  a  network  of  ROSE  switches,  and
          likewise any  W0RLI-compatible packet  bulletin board  system can
          exchange mail with ROSErver/PRMBS.
               
               The objective  was not  another home-grown  packet switch or
          BBS, but  to  add  features  needed  by  the  users  and  network
          management while  also  facilitating  interoperability  with  (or
          through) other  networks.   The vehicle for this interoperability
          was the  then emerging  Open  Systems  Interconnection  Reference
          Model  (OSI-RM)  developed  jointly  by  ISO  (the  International
          Organization   for    Standardization)   and   the   CCITT   (the
          International Consultive  Committee on  Telephone and Telegraph).
          Adherence to  the model has provided a modular framework in which
          protocols could  be tested,  used, and  replaced as new solutions
          (software and hardware) became available.
               
               We chose  to base  our  systems  on  OSI  because  it  is  a
          blueprint  for   communications   not   bound   to   the   design
          methodologies or  marketing objectives  of private companies like
          IBM or DEC, or of governmental agencies such as the U.S.  Dept of
          Defense. Instead,  these protocols have been developed and agreed
          upon by  both user  groups and telecommunications carriers.  This
          blueprint defines  the various aspects of communications in terms
          of a  seven-level stack.   For  example, the  switch provides all
          required network services needed to interconnect remote users.
          
          These include:
          
          Connection establishment - creating a data path through a network
          
          Data transfer - transfer of data between users will be free of:
          
            Most bit-errors - the kind that turn an "A" into a "B";
          
            Sequencing errors - the kind that change the order of the data;
          
            Undetected packet loss - dropped or missing packets;
          
            Undetected packet duplication - unrequested retransmission;
          
          Connection clearing - the orderly termination of communications.
               



                                        i


               The OSI reference model is the blueprint that was applied to
          facilitate the  evolution of  the ROSErver/PRMBS Message Handling
          System.   This system  began its development as a packet bulletin
          board system  (or PBBS),  but has  outgrown this  label by adding
          interoperability support  for CCITT X.400 Message Handling System
          and DoD  Internet RFC822  message headers,  providing for  remote
          file and  database requests, and remote execution of applications
          for a  user.   The  system  is  progressing  toward  support  for
          Directory  Services,   CCITT  X.500  and  Management  Information
          Services, ISO 9596.
               
               The progress  of OSI-based development has been fraught with
          difficulties, including  apathy, "Why Change?"; limited resources
          of developers;  the collection  of dialogues that became known as
          the "protocol  wars".  Many of these problems occurred because we
          recognized the  impact of  OSI very  early and as such were faced
          with no  base of  software or  expertise from  which to build and
          many of  the required  standards were  not yet  defined, or  were
          defined poorly.  These difficulties have been overcome, since the
          momentum of  the interest  in OSI protocols to support multimedia
          electronic mail  (X.400), directory  services (X.500),  and other
          applications in  the marketplace  today has  helped to  fuel  our
          efforts now  that a  larger community  exists for the exchange of
          ideas and problem resolutions.
               
               In any  communications environment there are always real and
          artificial  boundaries  where  special  handling  is  needed  for
          communications to  occur.    In  amateur  radio  we  have  local,
          regional and  area nets  for traffic  handling, while  these  are
          geographically based  boundaries they  are  artificial,  since  a
          moderately equipped HF station can easily cross those boundaries.
          In the  commercial land-line  based communications  systems these
          boundaries also  occur, and  in fact  are encouraged  in order to
          facilitate management  of the  equipment involved such as modems,
          telephone lines, microwave stations, etc.  The term Domain is one
          term that  is used to describe a large collection of systems that
          interoperate in a cooperative manner.
               
               A  domain   name  or  identifier  is  assigned  to  specific
          collection of communications systems to identify the political or
          management group responsible for proper operation of the systems.
          In order  to keep the size of the list of Domain Identifiers to a
          minimum the  identifiers are  based upon  a tree-like  structure,
          "njit-eies.mailnet.edu" is  an example  of a  system  name  where
          "edu"  is   the  domain   name  for   the  educational/university
          communications networks  and "mailnet"  is a  domain  within  the
          "edu" domain,  or a  sub-domain.   There can  be many  levels  of
          domains.   The management  group responsible  for the  top  level
          domain can add sub-domains as needed without having to notify the
          groups managing  the other  top level  or global  domains.   This
          allows flexibility  that is  especially important  to dynamic and
          fast growing  networks, such  as networks  found in  the  Amateur
          Radio Service.
               



                                        ii


               In order  to fully  integrate the  worldwide  Amateur  Radio
          Service into  the global  OSI community we needed a unique domain
          identifier for  OSI-based Amateur Radio systems.  This identifier
          had to  account for  national identity  in order  to provide  the
          basis for  recognition by  the regulatory  bodies in each nation.
          This objective  had one  serious logical caveat:  we did not want
          to request  a piece  of the  global domain  name space  from each
          country with an Amateur Radio activity.  To do so would have been
          a nightmare  of paperwork  and expense.   What  was needed  was a
          global Domain  Identifier for the Amateur Radio Service.  ISO and
          CCITT recognized  needs of  certain activities  and organizations
          such as  Amateur Radio  when they  devised the global domain name
          scheme. Under  ISO is a place for "Identified Organizations" (ISO
          6523). Since  the Amateur Radio Service is recognized as a global
          service by  the International Telecommunications Union (ITU), the
          International Consultive  Committee  for  Radio  (CCIR)  and  the
          International Amateur  Radio Union (IARU),  we approached ISO for
          a  global   domain  assignment.     After   some  discussion  the
          International Code Designator (ICD) identifying the Amateur Radio
          Service was  issued.   With  the  Amateur  Radio  ICD,  OSI-based
          Amateur Radio  systems will  be known  by, and  accepted by, non-
          Amateur systems operating throughout the world.
               
               RATS will  continue the  development of user applications to
          support and  expand the needs of the Amateur Radio community.  We
          will continue  to work  with  other  individuals  and  groups  to
          cooperatively develop new and innovative applications and support
          systems.
          




























                                        iii


                                          
                                          
                                          
                        RATS Open Systems Environment (ROSE)
                                          
                               ROSE X.25 Packet Switch
                                          
                                     User Manual
                                          
                                          
                                          
                                          
                                          
                                          
                                          
                                          
                                          
                                          
                                          
                                          
                                          
                                          
                    The Radio Amateur Telecommunications Society
                                          
                               206 North Vivyen Street
                                          
                           Bergenfield, New Jersey  07621
                                          
                              United States of America
                                          
                                   01-201-387-8896
          
          


          Introduction to the ROSE X.25 Packet Switch
          
               The ROSE  X.25 Packet  Switch is a connection-oriented, Open
          Systems Interconnection packet switch which conforms to the CCITT
          Recommendation X.25  and provides  the user  with a  functionally
          rich network  interface.   The user  interface to  the ROSE  X.25
          Packet Switch  has been  designed with  the average user in mind.
          Current users  who are familiar with networking using digipeaters
          (C CALLSIGN VIA DIGI, DIGI) will find that we have continued this
          basic concept in the ROSE X.25 Switch user interface.
               
               The network will accept data from you and will notify you if
          there is  a possibility  that data has been lost.  The network is
          100% reliable unless you are otherwise notified.
               
               Users no  longer need  to know each step through the network
          to get  to the  desired destination.  The network will handle all
          routing of  connections as defined by the routing tables that the
          network manager has set up.
               
               The only two things you need to know to make calls using the
          ROSE X.25  Packet Switch are the call sign of the switch local to
          you, and  the network address (Area Code/Exchange in USA), of the
          point you  want to exit the network.  It's like knowing where the
          telephone  is   in  your  house  and  knowing  the  phone  number
          (Telephone Network Address) of the person you are calling.
               
               Future  applications  will  provide  directory  information,
          similar to  555-1212, and  other  applications  that  the  system
          manager   may   choose   to   upload,   such   as   Clusters   or
          Conferencing/Round-Tables.
               
          System Overview and Features
          
               Written in  the C  language by  Thomas A. Moulton, W2VY, the
          ROSE X.25  Packet Switch  is based  on  the  popular  AX.25  Link
          protocol and  the CCITT  X.25 Packet  protocol.  The use of the C
          language  allows   rapid  "porting"  of  the  software  to  other
          hardware.
          
          ROSE X.25 Packet Switch offers the following features:
               
               *  Support for AX.25 Level 2 Users - Any standard TNC.
               
               *  Support for X.25 Level 3 Users - BBS can directly
                    interface with network; allows more efficient support
                    for multiple simultaneous users on one BBS.
               
               *  Support for BBS Forwarding - Special handling to provide
                    more reliable forwarding of messages, greatly reducing
                    message duplication and corruption.
               





                                        1


               *  Extended Text Messages to Users - Switch provides
                    messages to indicate the status of a connection being
                    setup. Switch also has optional application to provide
                    text description of disconnect codes.
               
               *  Enhanced Digipeater Support - Higher throughput due to
                    fewer retries through one switch.
               
               *  Faster Response Time - Switch is will retransmit
                    information as needed using Hop-by-Hop Acknowledgements
                    providing higher throughput.
               
               *  Online Information - Information/Help bulletin.
               
               *  FCC and foreign Government (PTT) acceptable AX.25 Level 2
                    SOURCE and DESTINATION Identification - the call signs
                    of both the station of origination and termination
                    appear at each end of the connection.
               
               *  Station Identification integrity maintained - Call signs
                    traverse the network without ANY changes.
               
               *  Proper Transmitter Licensee Identification - Switch
                    always identifies its transmissions with its own call
                    sign, not the call sign of ANY user.
               
               *  Simple Addressing - Only need to know the address of the
                    desired exit point of the network, not all the
                    intermediate steps, true Implicit Addressing.
               
               *  State of the art addressing - Addressing is based on the
                    universally accepted telecommunications numbering plan.
               
               *  Network Determined Routing - Network manager determines
                    best path, eliminating need for broadcasting of routing
                    information to other switches.
               
               *  Dynamic Route Selection - Network will automatically
                    attempt alternative paths to remote switches.
               
               *  Battery Backed Up Configuration - All configurable
                    parameters are retained during a power failure, no need
                    to modify routing tables after a power loss.
               
               *  Predetermined Network Paths - Network manager tells each
                    switch which paths to use, will not attempt impossible
                    links because another switch was heard during a band
                    opening.
               
               *  Easily Extendible Networking Plan - no need to re-learn
                    how to connect to another station because of a new
                    switch being added.
               




                                        2


               *  Support for Emergency Operations - A switch can be added
                    to the network to provide service from the afflicted
                    area without modifications to the existing network.
               
               *  Security System for Remote Control - authentication of
                    user who requests to view or modify configuration.
               
          What ROSE Provides
          
               The  ROSE   X.25  Packet  Switch  allows  users  to  connect
          transparently through  the Amateur  Packet Network  to  a  remote
          station without the worry of setting up connections on a step-by-
          step basis.   All a user needs to do is connect through the local
          switch specifying the remote station's network address.
          
               Before  ROSE,  you  had  to  know  the  call  sign  of  each
          digipeater/node in the path to reach the station.
          
          To connect to a station with a ROSE X.25 Packet Switch you only
          need to know the call sign of your local switch and the network
          address (telephone area code and exchange) of the switch local to
          the station. For example, to connect to W2VY from anywhere in the
          USA:
          
                 C W2VY via (call sign of Your local switch), 201478
          
               It's as easy as dialing a telephone.
          
          Disconnecting from a Station
               Before we  get into  the various  ways you can issue connect
          requests through  a ROSE  X.25 Network, it is always good to know
          how to  get out!  You just disconnect like you normally would, if
          you are using a BBS send the "BYE" command, if you are talking to
          another person  hit Control-C  and type "D" at the "cmd:" prompt.
          Don't worry  about doing  something wrong,  it won't  bother  the
          switch, if  you find  something that  does then I've got a bug to
          fix!  Please tell me!
               
          Information Bulletin
               The switch contains a configurable information message which
          can be used for network information, meeting notices and any text
          that is  desired by the network manager.  To get this message you
          just need  to connect  to the  switch and  enter return.  If your
          local switch  is N2DSY-3  you would just type: "C N2DSY-3".  When
          you get  the ***  CONNECTED message  hit return.   You  will then
          receive a  line indicating  the version  (release  date)  of  the
          switch and  the text that was loaded by the manager.  The version
          is important  to know when reporting any bugs.  When all the text
          has been sent, the switch will automatically disconnect.
               







                                        3


          Local Digipeating
               This mode  of operation  is straightforward  and provides  a
          familiar mode  of operation to continue WITHIN the local network.
          The ROSE  X.25 Packet  Switch will only digipeat frames with just
          ONE call  sign (its  own) in  the "via" field of the AX.25 frame.
          The digipeat  call sign  is usually  the call  sign of the switch
          with a  "-2" suffix,  and the  switch call  sign is generally the
          station call  sign with a "-3" suffix.  In any case the suffix of
          the digipeater will be one less than the suffix of the switch.
          
               For the N2DSY-3 switch the following will work:
          
                                 "C N2FWI V N2DSY-2"
          
               But the following will be ignored:
          
                             "C N2FWI V N2DSY-2,KD6TH-5
               
               Because of the extra digipeater field, you may need to use
          local switching and an exit digipeater, see below.
          
          Networking with ROSE
               There is only one new concept for users to learn in order to
          use the  advanced networking capabilities of the ROSE X.25 Packet
          Switch. Each  switch has  a unique,  local, six-digit  "address."
          This address  is the  telephone area code and the exchange of the
          location the switch is serving.  This address is used to indicate
          to the  network where the station you want to communicate with is
          located.
          
          Local switching
               Instead of  digipeating you  may want  to use  the  advanced
          functionality of  the  switch  to  reduce  channel  overhead  and
          increase the  overall throughput.   If  you want  to  connect  to
          another station  that uses  the  same  switch  (N2DSY-3,  address
          201744 in this case) that you use, you can do this as shown;
          
                      For example: "C N2FWI Via N2DSY-3,201744"
                        (where you want to connect to N2FWI)
               
               In the  preceding example you specified N2DSY-3 because that
          was where  you entered  the ROSE  X.25 Network, and you specified
          201744 because  that was  where you wanted to leave the ROSE X.25
          Network.   In this  case both  the entry and exit points were the
          same location, like a digipeater.
               
               This initially  looks like  a two hop digipeater connection,
          but in  reality the ROSE X.25 Packet Switch gets into the picture
          and makes  the connection more reliable.  The switch will receive
          the connect  request from  you, establish  a connection with you,
          and then  attempt to  establish a  connection with  N2FWI.   This
          arrangement provides  less congestion  within the network because
          the acknowledgements are only between adjacent stations.
          



                                        4


          Call Progress Messages
               When a  connect request  is accepted by the switch a message
          will be sent to notify you that the network is attempting to make
          the connection.  This message  is "Call being Setup" and once the
          connection is established end to end the switch will let you know
          by sending  "Call Completed  to call  @ address".  "call" is  the
          callsign of  the station  you asked  for  and  "address"  is  the
          network address of that station.
               
               Example:
                              cmd:C N2FWI Via N2DSY-3,201744
                              Call being Setup
                              Call Completed to N2FWI-0 @ 3100201744
               
               At this point normal communications can occur.
               
          BBS Forwarding
               To  provide   improved  support   of  Bulletin   Board  mail
          forwarding the  ROSE Switch  has an  additional mode of operation
          for improved reliability. If instead of using the switch callsign
          (N2DSY-3 in  these examples) the BBS uses the digipeater callsign
          (N2DSY-2 in  these examples)  the switch  will enter  the special
          mode. In  this mode  the network  will not  send any  of the Call
          Progress messages  and if  there is  a problem where a "*** Reset
          ***" would  need to  be sent the connection will be cleared. This
          is to reduce the chances for message corruption or duplication.
               
               It is  strongly suggested  that all  BBS's use this mode for
          mail  forwarding.   Users  should  continue  to  use  the  normal
          operating mode.
               
          Multi-switch networking
               In order  to connect  to another  station at a remote switch
          one must  know the  address for  that switch.   If KB7UV uses the
          switch "718956"  a user would type: "C KB7UV V N2DSY-3,718956" to
          connect to  him.  In later versions the network will have support
          for directory  services enabling  you to use the actual telephone
          number of the Amateur as the address instead of being required to
          know their local switch address.
          
          
          Entry and Exit Digipeaters
               If the  nearest ROSE X.25 Packet Switch is not local to you,
          you may  need to  include  an  extra  digipeater  address.    For
          instance if  K2MFF-2 is  the digipeater  you need  to access  the
          nearest switch  (N2DSY-3), then  you could  use a connect command
          such as;
          
               C WA6KJD Via K2MFF-2,N2DSY-3,619372
          
          A digipeater may also be needed at the exit point of the network:
          
               C WA6KJD Via N2DSY-3,619372,WA6KJD-2
          



                                        5


          As well as Both:
          
               C WA6KJD Via K2MFF-2,N2DSY-3,619372,WA6KJD-2
          
          Monitoring Transmissions
          
               Let us  first look  at  what  happens  when  you  set  up  a
          connection.  For the purpose of example we will look at a network
          consisting of two switches.
          
          
                    N2DSY-3 = = = = = = = X.25 = = = = = = = =  KA2VLP-3
                    201744                                      609426
                    Little Falls                               Hightstown
                                          
               W2VY                                                KB1BD
          
          When I want to connect to Bob, KB1BD, I type:
          
                             C KB1BD Via N2DSY-3,609426
          
          Which will cause my TNC to transmit:
          
                            W2VY>KB1BD,N2DSY-3,609426 <C>
          
          Where the <C> means that it is a Connection request.
          
          At this point N2DSY-3 will accept the connect request by sending:
                                          
                           KB1BD>W2VY,609426,N2DSY-3* <UA>
          
          Where the <UA> is an "Unnumbered Acknowledgement" confirming and
          accepting the Connection request.
          
          Note that N2DSY-3 is marked (*) as the transmitting station.
          
          At the  other end  the connect request will exit the network with
          KA2VLP-3 sending:
          
                           W2VY>KB1BD,201744,KA2VLP-3* <C>
          
          Note that KA2VLP-3 is marked (*) as the transmitting station.
          
          Assuming Bob's station is on the air and not busy, he will accept
          the connect request by sending:
          
                           KB1BD>W2VY,KA2VLP-3,201744 <UA>
          
          And his TNC will print to the terminal:
          
                      *** CONNECTED TO W2VY VIA KA2VLP-3,201744
          
          This indicates the correct path to W2VY for Bob.
          



                                        6


          How to determine where a connection originated
               When monitoring  a channel you will see the switch call sign
          preceded or  followed by  a six-digit  number.   This is the area
          code and exchange of a switch within a ROSE X.25 Network.
          
          Example:
          
               If you were to see a monitored frame such as:
               
               WA6KJD>W2VY,619372,N2DSY-3* <I>:Carol says Hi!
               
               Where  the   <I>   indicated   the   transmission   contains
               Information.
               
               This would indicate that the N2DSY-3 switch was transmitting
               information to  W2VY on  behalf of  WA6KJD who  is at Switch
               address 619372.
               
               And if you saw:
               
               W2VY>WA6KJD,N2DSY-3,619372 <I>:Hi Dad, back on HF yet?
               
               Would be a frame sent by W2VY going to WA6KJD@619372.
               
               Connections with DX Stations look about the same but have an
               extra numeric field:
               
               VE7APU>W2VY,3020,615423,N2DSY-3* <I>: Hi Tom.
               
               Is a  frame from  Canada (Data Country Code 3020), Area Code
               615-423.  For a complete list of DCC's see Appendix B.
          
          ROSE X.25 Packet Switch Messages
          
          "*** Disconnect *** nnnn"
          
          This message is sent when your connection to the other station is
          cleared.  The four-digit number (nnnn) describes the reason for
          disconnection.  For your convenience the following table is a
          list of the codes that are normally seen.  The first two digits
          are only important to this table. If the local system manager has
          loaded the "INFO" application these messages will be followed by
          a text explanation.
          
          X.25 Name           Value     Explanation
          DTE Originated      0000      The other station disconnected
          Number Busy         0100      The other station is busy
          Congestion          0500      Retry Count Exceeded
          Out of Order        0900      Network link not operating
          Not Obtainable      0D00      No known path for address specified
          Ship Absent         3900      No response from station
          
               Appendix A  contains a  complete list  of codes  used by the
          ROSE X.25 Packet Switch.



                                        7


          
          "*** Reset *** nnnn"
          
               This message  is sent when a RECONNECT command was issued or
          the link  went through a level 2 "Link Reset", to notify you that
          there may  have been  some data  lost.   For the complete list of
          X.25 Cause  and Diagnostic  codes see  Appendix A.  If the  local
          system manager  has loaded  the "INFO" application these messages
          will be followed by a text explanation.
          
          X.25 Name      Value  Explanation
          DTE_Orig       0092   The other user issued a REConnect
          Congestion     0792   A Network Link issued a REConnect
          
          Tips and Tricks
          
          Can't type full numeric digipeater field:
                    
                    If you  own a  TNC from  the vendor that does not allow
                    numeric  fields   (TAPR  TNC-1  based  TNC's)  you  may
                    exchange any  1's for  I's and/or  0's for  O's and the
                    switch will  translate it  for you.   Don't worry about
                    incoming connect  requests as they don't place the same
                    limitation on received frames.
          
































                                        8


          Appendix A
             CCITT X.25 Cause Codes used by the ROSE X.25 Packet Switch
          
          The clearing (disconnect) codes are comprised of two parts, the
          first two digits are the X.25 Cause, indicating the general
          reason for the failure and the second two digits are the X.25
          Diagnostic to indicate the specific reason for the failure.
          
          CCITT X.25 Name     Value   Explanation
          DTE Originated      00      The other station disconnected
          Number Busy         01      The other station is busy
          Invalid Facility    03      internal error
          Network Congestion  05      Retry Count Exceeded
          Out of Order        09      Network link not operating
          Access Barred       0B      Can not connect to a network trunk
          Not Obtainable      0D      No known path for address specified
          Remote Procedure    11      internal error
          Local Procedure     13      internal error
          RPOA Out of Order   15 *    RPOA Not operational
          Reverse Charge      19 *    Reverse Charging not subscribed to
          Incompatible Dest.  21 *    Incompatible Destination
          Fast Select         29 *    Fast Select Not subscribed to
          Ship Absent         39      No response from station
          Gateway Proc Error  C1 *    Gateway Detected Procedure Error
          Gateway Congestion  C5 *    Gateway Congestion
          
          *  Currently not used, should not be seen.
          
                        Table 1 - X.25 Clearing Cause Values
                                          
          
          
          
          CCITT X.25 Name       Value  Explanation
          DTE Originated        00     The other station re-connected
          Out of Order          01 *
          Remote Procedure      03 *
          Local Procedure       05 *
          Network Congestion    07     Link Reset on Network Trunk
          Remote Operational    09 *
          Network Operational   0F *
          Incompatible Dest.    11 *
          Network Out of Order  1D *
          Gateway Proc. Error   C1 *
          Gateway Congestion    C3 *
          Gateway Operational   C7 *
          
          *  Currently not used, should not be seen.
          
                        Table 2 - X.25 Resetting Cause Values
                                          






                                        1


          Appendix A
          
          Value     Explanation
          01 (01)   Invalid P(S) - Internal sequencing error
          02 (02)   Invalid P(R) - Internal sequencing error
          17 (11)   Invalid X.25 Packet for R1 State
          19 (13)   Invalid X.25 Packet for R3 State
          20 (14)   Invalid X.25 Packet for P1 State
          21 (15)   Invalid X.25 Packet for P2 State
          22 (16)   Invalid X.25 Packet for P3 State
          23 (17)   Invalid X.25 Packet for P4 State
          24 (18)   Invalid X.25 Packet for P5 State
          25 (19)   Invalid X.25 Packet for P6 State
          26 (1A)   Invalid X.25 Packet for P7 State
          27 (1B)   Invalid X.25 Packet for D1 State
          29 (1D)   Invalid X.25 Packet for D3 State
          33 (21)   Unidentifiable Packet
          36 (24)   Illegal Packet on unassigned logical channel
          38 (26)   Packet too short
          39 (27)   Packet too long or too much Call User Data
          41 (29)   Restart packet on non-zero logical channel
          43 (2B)   Unauthorized Interrupt Confirm Packet
          44 (2C)   Unauthorized Interrupt Packet
          71 (47)   No logical channel available
          72 (48)   Call Collision
          76 (4C)   Facility not provided when expected
          119 (77)  Temporary Routing Problem (Configuration Error)
          120 (78)  Temporary Routing Problem (No Memory)
          122 (7A)  Maintenance Action - Application was unloaded
          127 (7F)  Maintenance Action - Unable to send Call Request
          146 (92)  Retry count exceeded for data packet transmission
          179 (B3)  Configuration Problem - Non X.25 PID on trunk
          229 (E5)  Reset Occurred on Reliable Connection
          233 (E9)  Queued Call failed on user trunk
          245 (F5)  Unable to connect to a Network Trunk as a User
          
                        Table 3 - X.25 Diagnostic Codes Used




















                                        2


            Appendix B
            
            Data Country Codes
            
            Zone 2
            DCC  Country or Area
            202  Greece
            204  Netherlands
            206  Belgium
            208  France
            212  Monaco
            214  Spain
            216  Hungarian People's Republic
            218  German Democratic Republic
            220  Yugoslavia (Socialist Federated Republic of)
            222  Italy
            226  Romania  (Socialist Republic of)
            228  Switzerland (Confederation of)
            230  Czechoslovak Socialist Republic
            232  Austria
            234  United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
            238  Denmark
            240  Sweden
            242  Norway
            244  Finland
            250  Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
            260  Poland
            262  Federal Republic of Germany
            266  Gibraltar
            268  Portugal
            270  Luxembourg
            272  Ireland
            274  Iceland
            276  Albania
            278  Malta (Republic of)
            280  Cyprus (Republic of)
            284  Bulgaria (People's Republic of)
            286  Turkey
            
            Zone 3
            DCC  Country or Area
            302  Canada
            308  St. Pierre and Miquelon
            310  United States of America
            311  United States of America
            312  United States of America
            313  United States of America
            314  United States of America
            315  United States of America
            316  United States of America
            330  Puerto Rico
            332  Virgin Islands (USA)
            334  Mexico
            338  Jamaica



                                        1


            Zone 3 (Cont)
            DCC  Country or Area
            340  French Antilles
            342  Barbados
            344  Antigua
            346  Cayman Islands
            348  British Virgin Islands
            350  Bermuda
            352  Grenada
            354  Montserrat
            356  St. Kitts
            358  St. Lucia
            360  St. Vincent
            362  Netherlands Antilles
            364  Bahamas (Commonwealth of the)
            366  Dominica
            368  Cuba
            370  Dominican Republic
            372  Haiti (Republic of)
            374  Trinidad and Tobago
            376  Turks and Caicos Islands
            
            Zone 4
            DCC  Country or Area
            404  India (Republic of)
            410  Pakistan (Islamic Republic of)
            412  Afghanistan (Democratic Republic of)
            413  Sri Lanka (Democratic Socialist Republic of)
            414  Burma (Socialist Republic of the Union of)
            415  Lebanon
            416  Jordan (Hashemite Kingdom of)
            417  Syrian Arab Republic
            418  Iraq (Republic of)
            419  Kuwait (State of)
            420  Saudi Arabia (Kingdom of)
            421  Yemen (Arab Republic)
            422  Oman (Sultanate of)
            423  Yemen (People's Democratic Republic of)
            424  United Arab Emirates
            425  Israel (State of)
            426  Bahrain (State of)
            427  Qatar (State of)
            428  Mongolian People's Republic
            429  Nepal
            430  United Arab Emirates (Abu Dhabi)
            431  United Arab Emirates (Dubai)
            432  Iran (Islamic Republic of)
            440  Japan
            450  Korea (Republic of)
            452  Viet Nam (Socialist Republic of)
            454  Hong Kong
            455  Macao
            456  Democratic Kampuchea
            457  Lao People's Democratic Republic



                                        2


            Zone 4 (Cont)
            DCC  Country or Area
            460  China (People's Republic of)
            470  Bangladesh (People's Republic of)
            472  Maldives (Republic of)
            
            Zone 5
            DCC  Country or Area
            502  Malaysia
            505  Australia
            510  Indonesia (Republic of)
            515  Philippines (Republic of)
            520  Thailand
            525  Singapore (Republic of)
            528  Brunei
            530  New Zealand
            535  Guam
            536  Nauru (Republic of)
            537  Papua New Guinea
            539  Tonga (Kingdom of)
            540  Solomon Islands
            541  New Hebrides
            542  Fiji
            543  Wallis and Futuna Islands
            544  American Samoa
            545  Gibert and Ellice Islands
            546  New Caledonia and Dependencies
            547  French Polynesia
            548  Cook Islands
            549  Western Samoa
            
            Zone 6
            DCC  Country or Area
            602  Egypt (Arab Republic of)
            603  Algeria (Algerian Democratic and Popular Republic)
            604  Morocco (Kingdom of)
            605  Tunisia
            606  Libya (Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya)
            607  Gambia (Republic of the)
            608  Senegal (Republic of the)
            609  Mauritania (Islamic Republic of)
            610  Mali (Republic of)
            611  Guinea (Revolutionary People's Republic of)
            612  Ivory Coast (Republic of the)
            613  Upper Volta (Republic of)
            614  Niger (Republic of the)
            615  Togolese Republic
            616  Benin (People's Republic of)
            617  Mauritius
            618  Liberia (Republic of)
            619  Sierra Leone
            620  Ghana
            621  Nigeria (Federal Republic of)
            622  Chad (Republic of the)



                                        3


            Zone 6 (Cont)
            DCC  Country or Area
            623  Central African Republic
            624  Cameroon (United Republic of)
            625  Cape Verde (Republic of)
            626  Sao Tome and Principe (Democratic Republic of)
            627  Equatorial Guinea (Republic of)
            628  Gabon Republic
            629  Congo (People's Republic of the)
            630  Zaire (Republic of)
            631  Angola (People's Republic of)
            632  Guinea-Bissau (Republic of)
            633  Seychelles
            634  Sudan (Democratic Republic of the)
            635  Rwanda (Republic of)
            636  Ethiopia
            637  Somali Democratic Republic
            638  Republic of Djibouti
            639  Kenya (Republic of)
            640  Tanzania (United Republic of)
            641  Uganda (Republic of)
            642  Burundi (Republic of)
            643  Mozambique (People's Republic of)
            645  Zambia (Republic of)
            646  Madagascar (Democratic Republic of)
            647  Reunion (French Department of)
            648  Zimbabwe
            649  Namibia
            650  Malawi
            651  Lesotho  (Kingdom of)
            652  Botswana (Republic of)
            653  Swaziland (Kingdom of)
            654  Comoros (Federal and Islamic Republic of the)
            655  South Africa (Republic of)
            
            Zone 7
            DCC  Country or Area
            702  Belize
            704  Guatemala (Republic of)
            706  El Salvador (Republic of)
            708  Honduras (Republic of)
            710  Nicaragua
            712  Costa Rica
            714  Panama (Republic of)
            716  Peru
            722  Argentine Republic
            724  Brazil (Federal Republic of)
            730  Chile
            732  Colombia (Republic of)
            734  Venezuela (Republic of)
            736  Bolivia (Republic of)
            738  Guyana
            740  Ecuador
            742  Guiana (French Department of)



                                        4


            Zone 7 (Cont)
            DCC  Country or Area
            744  Paraguay (Republic of)
            746  Suriname (Republic of)
            748  Uruguay (Oriental Republic of)




















































                                        5


                                          
                    The Radio Amateur Telecommunications Society
                               Membership Application
            
            
            Name:__________________________    Callsign:______________
            
            Address:_______________________
            
            State:_________________________    Zip:____________
            
            Home Telephone:  (     ) -    OK in roster ? Y / N
                                     OK on air ?    Y / N
            Office Telephone:(     ) -    OK in roster ? Y / N
                                     Ok on air ?    Y / N
            
            Local/Home BBS:
            BBS is what type (PRMBS/MBL/RLI/Other):
            Local Network (ROSE/NetRom/TheNet/DIGI):
            Local Network Address:
            
            TNC/PAD:
            
            Radio(s):
            
            Computer(s):
            
            Interests:
            
            
            
            
            
            Comments:
            
            
            
            
            
            
            
            Please enclose a check for $ 25.00 and send to:
            
                      The Radio Amateur Telecommunications Society
                      206 North Vivyen Street
                      Bergenfield, NJ  07621
            
            For  further  information contact Gordon Beattie,  N2DSY  at
            the KD6TH PRMBS or at 201-387-8896.
            